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Most people don't want to
spending time in a hospital,

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of course you will say, but perhaps you don't study
medicine like me and you don't have a doctor

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retired as an uncle. He knows everyone
and decided to help me choose the

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specialization. It's not a pill
morphine. And how he doesn't let it pass by

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all the sets of the greatest show
medical television in the history of

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of advanced search, even if the
My uncle's hospital practice is

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experimental.

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Robert is charming. Come down further
more.

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It's really too late to sign up for
jurisprudence?

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Who takes care of the father of all
plumbing systems in the world? Today

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of cardiology.

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What attracts me most is that
the heart is truly the central organ

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of the human body. You can't live without it
heart. Cardiology nowadays is

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very inspiring. It has become one
highly technological specialization.

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It's fascinating, it's complex. There is a
aspect related to circulation and one

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electrical impulses.

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We are dealing with situations that
threaten survival. I am

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situations that require a response
immediate. If a patient has a seizure

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heart going on and is in shock, not
it's serious, it's dramatic.

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If you knew how many things can hurt
to the heart, perhaps your heart would splash

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to a thousand and it would be a symptom of which
talk to a cardiologist.

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I wasn't doing anything weird, but
my heartbeat became very fast

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fast. I had very strong pain in my
chest. My heart was skipping beats.

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So instead of going beep, beep, beep,
it went beep, beep, stop, stop, stop, stop.

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some problem necessarily, because
I do aerobic work, I run, I move.

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Something's wrong. Usually the problems
cardiac are of three types, circulation,

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electrical conduction or both
together. The heart is an engine, a

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the pumping chambers, it has valves,
has a hydraulic system, arteries that

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they provide power and transport
fuel and has an electrical system

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who acts as coordinator.

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Cardiologists are substantially divided
into three groups.

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You can say we have plumbers
that clear clogged arteries,

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electricians like me who take care of it
heart rhythm disorder e

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we have photographers who process
images of the heart and they are called

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echocardiographs.

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When you have a cardiological visit it is
very likely one of the first exams

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let it be this.

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It's called an echocardiogram and it's a
photograph of your heart.

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Doctors don't use it to do it
light but sound.

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The sound waves bounce off the muscle
cardiac and delineate it precisely.

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This image gives us an accurate idea
of the strength of the muscle at work.

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The pushing power of your heart
it is measured at rest and after one

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prolonged physical.

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Maybe he should do it more often.

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As you can see we take a series of photos,
better than ultrasound images of

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from different points of view and so on
let's focus on the so-called ventricle

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which is the main pumping chamber
of the heart.

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The heart is divided into four of these
rooms. Venous blood enters the

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right ventricle from which it is pushed
in the lungs where it fills with oxygen,

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go back and the left ventricle
sends it to the rest of the body.

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If you place your hand on the left side
of the chest you will hear the heartbeat,

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it is the rhythm of the blood that leaves the
heart.

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If one of our arteries is blocked and
in a state of rest it is still capable of

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provide a sufficient blood supply
to fuel the heart muscle, but

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under stress the presence of this
blockage causes an inadequate supply of

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to the heart that doesn't pump as it should e
we see that the cardiac muscle does not

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it inflates as it should.

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Think about when you contract your biceps.

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When flexed the biceps becomes
more swollen, it shortens and swells and

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as the heart is a developing muscle
contraction is well a plan.

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Unless you have the heart of a
elephant, doing something a little more

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tiring of watching TV, the heart
beats at 70 beats per minute,

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about 5 liters of blood, the equivalent
of 18 full cans every 60 seconds.

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Under load it pumps more than double.

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The cardiac muscle is in a state of rest
it swells well, the blood comes and the

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heart grows slightly, but when it
we see the upper part under stress

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of the heart swells more intensely for
the blood supply, but this

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portion around here does not swell
at all and we see that the cavity, which was

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more triangular shape at the top, it is
made round. They are both signs of

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blood supply.

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If your heart muscle looks like
to this, there is some problem,

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my boys. One of your arteries
coronary arteries may be occluded.

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The coronary artery is different from the
others, because it carries blood rich in

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oxygen directly to the muscle
cardiac. It's a line of communication

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which cannot be blocked. Which is possible
do about it? Activity measurement

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physical daily, do not smoke and eat
vegetables.

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Easy, if you have the right genes.

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Ah, Robert, you're here. I found this
board that explains how to recognize the

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symptoms of a heart attack.

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Chest pain! Yes, good, pain in the
chest. It's one of the symptoms. Oh, the

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The pain in the arm, yes, there is also
this. You are right. I need to

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Robert, you get the point.

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If you don't ask for help, no one will understand that
you're feeling bad. It's written here.

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Congratulations, I made a doctor out of you.

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Stress and familiarity are factors
triggers.

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Most heart attacks
it can be traced back to cholesterol, because

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cholesterol travels in the blood and can
settle in the arteries blocking the

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access to the heart. There are two types of
cholesterol, the good one and that

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bad.

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Bad cholesterol or LDL is the
cholesterol that is deposited in

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coronary arteries or in any artery e
increases progressively over the years

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years becoming gradually thicker.

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HDL cholesterol has put on a halo
since studies have highlighted

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he is the enemy of the bad one, because he
leads to the liver where it is eliminated.

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The LDL layers, inflaming the
arterial walls, and suffocates the heart,

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because the intake of is reduced
oxygen and nutrients.

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If there is a lack of adequate intake
of blood to the heart walls, then

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at that point the muscle dies. So there
heart attack is actually death

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of a portion.

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of the heart muscle can also
manifest as a lot of pressure

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fect called angina is the main one
symptom of CAD or coronary artery disease between

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Sparks will fly and anxiety will go
we will discover a thousand other symptoms

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warning signs of cardiac arrest

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Ah, Robert, you're here.

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It traumatized me with the dangers of
heart disease. It wasn't just there

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the occlusion of the arteries, there was
'electrical system that could go in

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short.

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Hello, how are you? I'm Doctor Guerra,
Nice to meet you. The most symptom

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common of a heart disorder is the
irregular heartbeat. And even if you're not

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hyperactive or lovers of extreme sports,
It doesn't mean you're safe. L

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Arrhythmia is very common even at 20 or 30
years.

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Arrhythmias are disturbances of normal
heartbeat and rhythm. And among these

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there are situations in which the heartbeat is
too slow, as well as those in which

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instead it is too fast.

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Arrhythmia is a polite way of saying that
you have heartbeat problems. There

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the heartbeat is normal
regulated by the sino-atrial node.

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If the heart were a band, the knot
it would be the percussion.

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Heart cells are different
nature, some are muscular,

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others are cellular structures capable of
generate electrical impulses and when you

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group them all together into one
specific area form the so-called

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When the node generates a pulse
electrically this is transmitted to the

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upper part of the heart from the knot
atrioventricular.

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During the heartbeat it is as if the
heart cells were at the stage.

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The nodes are the curves, the cells of the
nodes are the ultras, the choirs of the ultras

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electrical impulses and the whole stage is the
heart.

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The heartbeat starts from here and contracts there
upper part of the heart.

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Then he moves to the center and is pushed
down at the bottom of the

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So the lower part of the heart does
contracts.

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This is the mechanism by which
we have a regular and organized

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cardiac.

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It is very likely that the first check
diagnostic to which they subject you

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the monitor alter.

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The alter monitor allows doctors to
give you a complete electrocardiogram

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without keeping you in hospital.

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It basically holds your heart underneath
surveillance for 24 hours straight.

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It's a kind of guardian angel that
record your heartbeat.

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Keep it on me attached to my body for
all night. It is very light and there

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walk around peacefully. The only one
one thing you can't do is shower. The

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first monitor was invented in the 1940s
by Dr. Norman Holter. At the beginning

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it was a radio transmitter that weighed
over 38 kilos and that you carried in one

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golf.

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Then Holter managed to reduce its weight to
a few kilograms.

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Today it weighs about 90 grams.

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The data is transformed into
electrocardiogram.

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A graph of how the impulses travel
electric in the heart, from how they begin

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in the atria, the upper area, as
they reach the ventricles, the area

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and finally with the muscle at rest.

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The trace is transmitted through
your phone, just press play and

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we receive it as if it were a fax
tracing of your heartbeat in the

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when he has palpitations.

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I got a call from the hospital,
I had just put the monitor alter for

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periodic inspection.

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They had seen that my heart was broken
stopped for 30 seconds while I was

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sleeping.

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My uncle is always convinced that good
doctor is first and foremost a good patient

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and had an older monitor installed
Me too.

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I'm so anxious that my heart has
his heartbeat immediately accelerated.

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And the monitor detected it
immediately.

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I had a pacemaker implanted at 15
years.

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When there are problems such as arrhythmia,
the remedy is called a pacemaker.

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This is a pacemaker, that is, a computer
very sophisticated equipped with the ability

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to generate electrical activity. And there
the electrical activity generated by

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branches out through these threads,
called pacemaker catheters.

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As soon as the pacemaker detects a
change in the signal emitted by the nodes,

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he begins to emit a louder one of his own.

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The heart cells record the
stronger signal, they tune in with

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and the heartbeat returns to normal.

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Another device used in
arrhythmias and the defibrillator.

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Brings your heart rate back to normal
through the production of a shock

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electrical inside the body.

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Usually used in cases of overdrive,
anomalous acceleration.

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If you perceive a type of trend
dangerous in the heart rhythm, which a

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'sudden acceleration to 180 -200
beats per minute, will provide to the patient

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shock from within, normalizing the
beat. This defibrillator does it

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same job as his older brother, the
external defibrillator. It's the tool

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that doctors challenge on TV when
they shout, free!

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Uncle can't resist temptation
to get your hands on the tools

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doctors. Dr. Carey allowed a
show him an external defibrillator.

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Well. Doctor, look, they must be challenged
in this way.

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Oh, yes.

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Should I turn off the alter monitor? Not
It helps, Robert.

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The defibrillator is deactivated. Us
we just want to show you the

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We have two adhesive electrodes on the sides
of the chest. One to the right of the sternum and

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second on the left under the nipple.
He turns on the defibrillator and presses the

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load button. Load.

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I don't think it's a good idea. I haven't
luck with this kind of

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Free!

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Fantastic. Doctor, I want to show you
one thing.

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I'm coming.

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The discharge must pass through
skin, rib cage and lungs for

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to the heart.

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Don't make trouble, Robert. Come here and not
break anything.

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Normally an internal defibrillator yes
implant under the collarbone and as per

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pacemakers wires are fixed
directly inside the heart.

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Anyone can carry it, as long as they have the
right batteries.

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It fits very well in that pocket
we created.

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Before stitching up, doctors test the
the equipment.

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Now we are causing a heart rhythm
abnormal and, boom, see? The pressure is

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drastically dropped, the first two lines
they are very irregular. Now he intervenes

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the defibrillator.

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Here is the rhythm of the heart and the
pressure returns to normal.

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It's not the electric shock that shakes the
patient in the operating table, but the

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muscle contraction that accompanies it
shock.

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But when pacemakers and defibrillators do not
they do enough, doctors try

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permanent solutions.

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Soon we will see the human heart in 3D in
a guided surgery.

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Treatments for heart disorders are
many. I was shocked by it.

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Progress in the field has grown
dramatically over the years

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There has been such progress that by now
we are able to intervene

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quickly and effectively also on
problems that were once absent

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of therapeutic possibilities. And many
were solved thanks to just one

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instrument, the catheter, the secret weapon
of the cardiologist. The catheter is a thin one

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and flexible little tube that can be
up to one meter long.

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It is inserted through the inguinal or from the
arm and guided towards the heart thanks

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00:14:51,420 --> 00:14:54,120
a fluoroscope. It seems to see one
moving x-ray.

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We use it quite often and
for different types of interventions. The

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00:15:00,490 --> 00:15:04,290
most important interventions in which he is
foreseen the use of the catheter are those

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which we bring the device inside
to the heart and inside the blood vessels

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to the heart. It's called angioplasty. It's a
fairly common way of solving i

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artery problems known as
occlusion problems.

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Doctor Basmajan will explain it to you
better.

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With angioplasty surgery it comes
inserted a balloon through a

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00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:30,460
small catheter that goes towards the heart.
This balloon travels along all the

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coronary arteries, I take to his
passage of partial occlusions or

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of the arteries themselves.

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The balloon is surrounded by a spring.
When the balloon expands, the

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spring expands with him, creating
a cylindrical structure that holds

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open the artery. It's called a stent.

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It serves to open a blocked artery and to
keep it open.

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My uncle's presence begins to give i
its fruits.

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Sorry uncle, the monitor passes but you have to
leave your cell phone and others

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electronic devices interfere
with machinery.

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Of course, I had forgotten.

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He got a little busy, so now
we can go into the operating room and

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a real intervention.

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And is there?

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This too.

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This.

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That's where it was.

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You never know. Uncle is not a
guy who travels light. My handjob.

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Done.

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Catheters are used for both
circulatory and electrical problems.

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They are used to insert stents and also to
locate electrical malfunctions

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inside the heart. I am
particularly effective in treatment

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'arrhythmia.

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In cases like this you have to first
what to open the chest and perform a

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open heart surgery for
destroy abnormal heart tissue.

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we bring catheters to the heart. Today we are
capable of treating ailments

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beat with the same effectiveness as
surgery.

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Uncle is right, true science fiction
It is found in hospitals.

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Well, so far everything is fine
good.

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Oh no!

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Uncle! Do you want to encourage?

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That man has heart problems, we do
we'll soon have two stomachs.

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We make two small incisions in the
leg to introduce the catheters and make them

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get to the heart.

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On top of these catheters there are
electrodes and the electrodes record the

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electric current inside the
heart. Then moving the catheters in

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part of the heart we are able to
draw an electrical map of

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During the procedure doctors analyze
shape and amplitude of the waves, their

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length and frequency.

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This allows him to define
exactly the area where they need to

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Those are the signals we get from the
loose catheter. The loose catheter is of

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circular shape and is equipped with numerous
electrodes. They are those electrodes

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send us the signals you see.

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Templates are used to guide the catheters
in 3D, processed with magnetic resonance

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and tial tomography scanner.

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With this 3D map we can see
the representation of the heart, we can

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also see our catheters while you
they move inside the heart.

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Even if the heart is a superb powerhouse
electricity that produces 2.7 billion

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beats during a lifetime, a tiny
stretch of damaged tissue can

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ruin the entire structure.

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This happens, a heart attack, the
damage to portions of the walls

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of the heart.

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Blood flow does not reach the
muscle and cells deprived of oxygen

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they die, leaving a scar. This one
blocks the electrical signals they regulate

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blood pumping and system
he starts to go crazy.

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The cause behind a rhythm
cardiac alteration is the occluded artery,

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which determines the patient's death is l
alteration of the rhythm. We have it.

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Ok, we have it. In the presence of
scars, doctors destroy the

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damaged with the catheter,
restoring the flow of current.

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If the electrical circuit is abnormal
particularly vast, the procedure that

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we will follow will be to map it and see how
develops inside the heart.

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By doing so we will be able to
identify the weakest point of that

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circuit. We'll place the catheters
exactly there and then we'll stop it.

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We are at 25 watts. Okay.

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If the circuit is broken, the
heart will search for new spaces, new channels

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restart the electrical conduction.

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When such sophisticated interventions do not
solve management problems

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electric or pumped, the solution
it's not drastic, it's plastic.

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Soon we will talk about replacing the
heart.

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The heart beats two and a half billion
times over the course of a lifetime.

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Design something that works so well
it is a colossal challenge.

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It's a perfectly oiled machine and
it cannot stop, it must be kept in motion, it can

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stop once in a while, but it's not
the case that it stops for a long time.

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We have mechanical hearts, they are used
especially for certain patients,

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patients with cardiac dysfunction
series, to which hearts are applied

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temporarily. Artificial hearts
they are made of inorganic material, such as

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plastic or titanium, but they are used
for limited times, until yes

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find a donor.

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The artificial heart pumps
blood, but severely limits activities

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you can play, a bit like my last one
girlfriend.

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There are different types of hearts
artificial, but essentially they are

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devices that allow normal
blood circulation when our

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00:21:15,580 --> 00:21:19,880
heart, when it pumps, can no longer
do it.

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A definitive solution could be:
cloning.

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We are already capable of growing
human heart tissues.

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Tissue regeneration consists of
'inject cells or other products that

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they increase the birth of new ones
cells, again tissue, thing

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until recently believed
impossible.

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Not just impossible, science fiction,
but cloning is still quite rare

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as therapy and heart transplants not
they are simple nor common.

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So let's keep an eye on it
nutrition, pay attention to the symptoms and

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periodic check-up like I did with
the monitor Walter.

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00:22:01,950 --> 00:22:07,010
And I'm not afraid of the report,
absolutely not, no fear, either

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00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:11,610
Robert, look at this.

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These are the results of your monitoring
cardiac. So what do I say? I am

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00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:20,200
shocking, never seen anything of the
genre. Look, the heart beat

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parameter, here.

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00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:26,780
Oh no! And here, at this point, we are
stopped even, incredible, stopped

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several seconds.

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00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,280
Well, you're well that was... I know
just one thing, you have the heart of an athlete

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00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:34,380
professional, nephew.

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00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:37,480
One moment, son. No, no, there isn't
time to waste, we must submit the

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muscle to some serious work
cardiovascular and see how it goes.

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00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:41,480
Come on, son.

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00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:53,100
cardiology is too stressful for me and
my uncle managed to make me feel like

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a real heart patient perhaps thanks to
I became him